Development and validation of a finite-element musculoskeletal model incorporating a deformable contact model of the hip joint during gait

Musculoskeletal models provide non-invasive and subject-specific biomechanical investigations of the musculoskeletal system. In a model, muscle forces contribute to deformation kinematics joint which in turn would alter moment arms muscles ground reaction thus affect prediction contact mechanics joint. By far, deformable hip have not been considered models, role within is unknown. this study, an FE model including bones, joints lower extremity was developed. A incorporated coupled into model. Joint angles during gait were used as inputs. Optimization minimizing sum stresses squared performed directly order simultaneously solve single framework. The calculated corresponded well vivo measurement data. maximum stress 6.5 MPa occurred at weight-acceptance. influence on minimal sensitive variations thickness properties cartilage gait. This suggests that uncoupled approach are simulated separate frameworks serve effective efficient alternative for modelling hip. study provides guidance level complexity needed future can be evaluate changes system following interventions.